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Adults sleep about of their lives, or eight hours a day, to maintain physical and mental health. Yet, according to the National Institutes of Health, an estimated Americans live with sleep disorders that worsen conditions such as obesity, heart disease and depression.

is a sleep disorder causing excessive daytime sleepiness affecting about 40 out of 100,000 Americans. People with narcolepsy fall asleep at random during the daytime, which makes driving dangerous and has negative effects on work, school and social relationships.

, a biopharmaceutical company developing medicines for psychiatric and neurological disorders, recently announced positive phase 2 clinical trial results for its investigational drug , a once-daily treatment for narcolepsy type 1, or NT1.

Brian Raymer

After six weeks of taking alixorexton, patients saw improvements in sleepiness measurements, as well as exploratory measurements of fatigue and cognition.

, executive director of project leadership and strategy at Alkermes, led the team that developed alixorexton. He presented the drug at the American Chemical Society’s Spring 2025 First Time Disclosures session.

The key to wakefulness

Narcolepsy, an autoimmune disorder, is a lifetime condition after it develops. People with NT1 also experience cataplexy, sudden muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions such as laughter or anger.

To design an effective therapy, researchers examined the biochemical pathways that regulate wakefulness.

Raymer described the maintenance of wakefulness test, in which participants sit in a dark room and are instructed to stay awake.

“With a normal sleep-wake system, you can stay awake 15 or 20 minutes,” Raymer said. “(Patients with narcolepsy) are down to four or five minutes.”

At the center of wakefulness is a neuropeptide called orexin, produced by specialized neurons in the brain.

The discovery of orexin’s role in sleep regulation earned Emmanuel Mignot of Stanford University and Masashi Yanagisawa of the University of Tsukuba the .

Orexin helps maintain wakefulness and appetite by stimulating neurotransmitters such as histamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. In people with NT1, autoimmune damage impairs the neurons that produce orexin, disrupting the normal sleep–wake cycle.

Alixorexton acts as an agonist of the orexin 2 receptor, or OX2R, mimicking orexin’s activity to help patients stay awake.

Because this pathway activates a broad network of neurotransmitters, Raymer said orexin receptor agonists may also help people with narcolepsy type 2 or idiopathic hypersomnia.

From synthesis to clinical trials

Alkermes

Alkermes headquarters.

Alixorexton, an OX2R agonist, was designed using molecular modeling based on the structure of OX2R bound to antagonist molecules. OX2R antagonists promote sleepiness in patients with insomnia, or the inability to fall or stay asleep.

After designing the molecule, organic chemists synthesized it, and biochemists and molecular biologists tested how it interacted with the receptor. As the molecule showed promise, production scaled up.

“It’s amazing how we start out trying to make a few milligrams as fast as possible,” Raymer said. “Now we make kilos and kilos of it to support the clinical supply.”

At the end of the trial, participants could opt into an open-label extension, continuing the medication before regulatory approval.

“In our case, 95% said yes,” Raymer said. “People … wanted to continue.”

Alkermes plans to begin a phase 3 clinical trial in the first half of 2026.